Biomechanical characteristics of bioabsorbable magnesium‑based (MgYREZr‑alloy) interference screws with different threads

Purpose Degradable magnesium implants have received increasing interest in recent years. In anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery, the well-known osteoconductive effects of biodegradable magnesium alloys may
be useful. The aim of this study was to examine whether interference screws made of MgYREZr have comparable
biomechanical properties to commonly used biodegradable screws and whether a different thread on the magnesium screw has an influence on the fixation strength. Methods Five magnesium (MgYREZr-alloy) screws
were tested per group. Three different groups with variable thread designs (Designs 1, 2, and 3) were produced
and compared with the commercially available bioabsorbable Bioacryl rapid polylactic-co-glycolic acid screw
Milagro®. In vitro testing was performed in synthetic bone using artificial ligament fixed by an interference screw. The constructs were pretensioned with a constant load of 60 N for 30 s followed by 500 cycles between 60 N and 250 N at 1 Hz. Construct displacements between the 1st and 20th and the 21st and 500th cycles were recorded. After a 30 s break, a maximum load to failure test was performed at 1 mm/s measuring the maximum pull-out force.
Results The maximum loads to failure of all three types of magnesium interference screws (Design 1: 1,092 ± 133.7 N; Design 2: 1,014 ± 103.3 N; Design 3: 1,001 ± 124 N) were significantly larger than that of the bioabsorbable Milagro® interference screw (786.8 ± 62.5 N) (p < 0.05). However, the greatest maximum load was found with magnesium screw Design 1. Except for a significant difference between Designs 1 and 2, there were no further significant differences among the four groups in displacement after the 20th cycle. Conclusions Biomechanical testing showed higher pullout forces for magnesium compared with a commercial polymer screw. Hence, they suggest better stability and are a potential alternative. The thread geometry does not significantly influence the stability provided by the magnesium implants. This study shows the first promising results of a degradable material, which may be a clinical alternative in the future.